That is, SGML and XML allow designers to specify particular schemas, which determine which elements, attributes, and other features are permitted, and where. HTML, like DocBook, Open eBook, JATS, and many others, is based on the markup meta-languages SGML and XML. Some markup languages, such as the widely used HTML, have pre-defined presentation semantics, meaning that their specifications prescribe some aspects of how to present the structured data on particular media. Scribe and most modern markup languages, such as XML, identify document components (for example headings, paragraphs, and tables), with the expectation that technology, such as stylesheets, will be used to apply formatting or other processing. Older markup languages, which typically focus on typography and presentation, include Troff, TeX, and LaTeX. The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of paper manuscripts (e.g., with revision instructions by editors), traditionally written with a red pen or blue pencil on authors' manuscripts. Markup can control the display of a document or enrich its content to facilitate automated processing.Ī markup language is a set of rules governing what markup information may be included in a document and how it is combined with the content of the document in a way to facilitate use by humans and computer programs. The markup can be converted programmatically for display into, for example, HTML, PDF or Rich Text Format.Ī markup language is a text-encoding system which specifies the structure and formatting of a document and potentially the relationship between its parts. ( July 2023)Įxample of RecipeML, a simple markup language based on XML for creating recipes. Such statements should be clarified or removed. Similarly, while masked elements of maskedĪrrays are ignored, the output will be a scalar or np.This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. This case, the output will be a scalar or np.ndarray of appropriate shape Negative when the sample mean of a is less than the sample mean ofīeginning in SciPy 1.9, np.matrix inputs (not recommended for newĬode) are converted to np.ndarray before the calculation is performed. When the sample mean of a is greater than the sample mean of b and Therefore, the statistic will be positive The statistic is calculated as (np.mean(a) - np.mean(b))/se, where Recommended if the underlying distribution is long-tailed or contaminated At timesĬalled Yuen’s t-test, this is an extension of Welch’s t-test, with theĭifference being the use of winsorized means in calculation of the varianceĪnd the trimmed sample size in calculation of the statistic. Use of trimming is commonly referred to as the trimmed t-test. More accurate than the analytical test, but it does not make strongĪssumptions about the shape of the underlying distribution. The permutation test can be computationally expensive and not necessarily When 1 = binom(n, k), an exact test is performed: the dataĪre partitioned between the groups in each distinct way exactly once. Observed data against a theoretical t-distribution. If the p-value is smaller than our threshold, then we have evidenceĪgainst the null hypothesis of equal population means.īy default, the p-value is determined by comparing the t-statistic of the We do not reject the null hypothesis of equal population means. Our observation is not so unlikely to have occurred by chance. Samples are drawn from populations with the same population means, is true.Ī p-value larger than a chosen threshold (e.g. The p-value quantifies the probability of observingĪs or more extreme values assuming the null hypothesis, that the The t-test quantifies the difference between the arithmetic means Petal characteristics) or two different populations. the same species of flower or two species with similar We are considering whether the two samples were drawn from the same Suppose we observe two independent samples, e.g. If False, perform Welch’s t-test, which does not assume equal If True (default), perform a standard independent 2 sample test If None, the input will be raveled before computing the statistic. If an int, the axis of the input along which to compute the statistic. The arrays must have the same shape, except in the dimensionĬorresponding to axis (the first, by default). Populations have identical variances by default. Have identical average (expected) values. This is a test for the null hypothesis that 2 independent samples ttest_ind ( a, b, axis = 0, equal_var = True, nan_policy = 'propagate', permutations = None, random_state = None, alternative = 'two-sided', trim = 0, *, keepdims = False ) #Ĭalculate the T-test for the means of two independent samples of scores.
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